A New Smithsonian Exhibition Reveals the Surprising History of Voting by Mail
Four years ago, millions more voters in the U.S. became familiar with voting by mail. But a new exhibition at the Smithsonian’s National Postal Museum opens this Saturday as a reminder that earlier generations of voters used the postal service to cast absentee ballots decades before the COVID-19 pandemic upended the 2020 election.
"“It was sort of presented during the pandemic as a new concept for a lot of folks who may have never encountered it before,” says Carrie Villar, director of curatorial affairs at the Washington, D.C., museum. “We thought with this presidential election coming up in 2024, there could be no better place than the National Postal Museum to have an exhibit where we talk about voting by mail and how it’s not a new thing. It’s been around for over 160 years in various forms.”"
Key Takeaways:
- The exhibition showcases how voting by mail has been a vital part of American elections for over 160 years. It dispels the notion that it is a modern invention.
- The museum highlights the role of voting by mail in empowering soldiers, incarcerated citizens, and other marginalized groups. It emphasizes the importance of providing access to voting for those who may face barriers to voting in person.
- The exhibition acknowledges the controversy surrounding voting by mail in modern elections and the rise of baseless claims of fraud. It offers a nuanced perspective on the challenges facing the voting method.
- The museum is actively collecting artifacts and materials related to voting by mail, aiming to capture a more complete picture of its history. It encourages donations from the public to contribute to the evolving narrative.
A Timeline of Mail-in Voting in the U.S.
The exhibition takes visitors on a journey through time, starting with the Civil War election of 1864, which marked the emergence of large-scale voting by mail in the United States.
"“That was the big moment that voting by mail stepped up to a national stage,” Villar says, noting that there were earlier examples at the state and local levels dating back to the 18th century."
**The Era of the Civil War:**
The exhibit highlights the importance of voting by mail in allowing soldiers to participate in the democratic process, even while serving on battlefields far from home. One of the most compelling items on display is an envelope used during the 1864 election to mail a sheet tallying the votes of Civil War soldiers from Ohio’s Highland County at a Union Army field hospital in Georgia.
"“Different states had different approaches, but they wanted to give a way for soldiers who are away, out of state at war to have a chance to vote in the election,” Villar says. “Voting by mail and absentee voting for our military has really been a key part that has moved voting by mail forward in the last 160 years. And when you think about it, these men and women are out there risking their lives for our country and disenfranchising them by not being able to vote in an election doesn’t make a lot of sense.”"
**World War II and Beyond:**
The exhibition also features artifacts from World War II, showcasing the critical role of voting by mail in ensuring the franchise for American service members stationed abroad. It displays a photo of Japanese American citizens waiting for their absentee ballots to be notarized in 1942 while they were wrongfully incarcerated at the Tule Lake prison camp in California during World War II and an unused federal war ballot issued in 1944 for absentee voters serving in World War II.
"“It’s a really powerful story and one that really makes you think about what it means to be American and that right to vote that we may sometimes take for granted,” Villar explains. “The people who were incarcerated in these camps had to battle through a lack of knowing what their state requirements were for allowing them to vote. They were limited in the information they were getting from back home about who to vote for. These good citizens who were in these camps by their own government still took the time and effort to exercise that duty to vote.”"
"“It’s a big undertaking to get all of this material out all around the world during war. And so they ended up printing these official ballots that didn’t have the candidate names in them yet,” Villar explains. “The voter would actually handwrite in who they were voting for. And then someone on the other end would have to read it. They had to sort of decipher out and make sure that the right candidate was getting a vote. It’s unusual to see a ballot without any names on it.”"
**The COVID-19 Pandemic and Beyond:**
The exhibit also delves into the evolution of voting by mail in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. It displays an informational card the U.S. Postal Service sent in 2020 to help voters prepare to vote during the COVID-19 pandemic.
"“The messaging around voting by mail is so challenging,” Villar says. “The Postal Service sent this out, trying to educate postal customers, and soon realized that there isn’t a one-size-fits-all direction for voting by mail and that every voter needs to check with their own state and local rules and regulations. There was some backlash to this postcard, and they ended up having to correct the information.”"
Looking Ahead: The Ongoing Story of Voting by Mail
Villar acknowledges that the exhibition only offers a partial glimpse into voting by mail’s long and complex history. The museum is actively seeking donations from the public to fill in the gaps and capture the evolving story, particularly in relation to the growing distrust of voting by mail, fueled by baseless allegations of fraud.
"“We’re actively collecting through this election and beyond because we want to continue the story,” Villar says. “There’s so much being printed and put out there that it gets thrown away. We would love to see some of that saved.”"
Ultimately, the exhibition aims to educate and inform the public about the history and importance of voting by mail. "“Even with its limited look at voting by mail through the years, Villar adds she hopes visitors who are eligible to cast a ballot will leave “inspired to vote however they choose to do it and to know more that voting by mail has a long history of successfully being carried out.”"
The Smithsonian’s National Postal Museum’s “Voting by Mail: Civil War to Covid-19” exhibition is a compelling reminder of the enduring role of the postal service in American democracy and opens the door to a more comprehensive understanding of voting by mail’s history.
For those who can’t stop by in person before the exhibition is set to close on Feb. 23, 2025, a virtual exhibition is available on the museum’s website in English and Spanish.